schwa
After some more research, it seems I may be able to continue with my old MOTU 424/2408 setup. I have a PCIe x16 slot available, and it seems like I could get a PCIe-424 card.
I didn't think that PCIe x1 card could be used in an x16 slot, but the "internet" tells me it's possible. Some others say if you install an x1 card next to an x16 card, it ruins x16 performance. The newer card would be less expensive than most interfaces I am considering. But at $295, they're not giving them away. If the new card would affect graphics performance, that's no bargain.
Do the PCI 424 products have comparable latency to the current USB2/firewire/AVB products? I could install a less expensive (PCIe) Ethernet or firewire card and go with something newer, but I'd prefer not to spend a grand on something new if what I have will work well.
The number "x" refers to how many PCIe lanes the slot uses.
Audio interface controllers are all x1.
Fast PCIe SSDs are x4
The only peripherals that are 16x are video cards.
(Even with video cards, there's little to no performance compromise running via 8x)
You can install a x1 or x4 PCIe card in an x16 or x8 full-length slot.
As to whether a PCIe x1 card affects the performance of an adjacent card:
It depends...

If the slots don't share PCIe lanes (nor IRQ), performance won't be affected.
The MOTU PCIe 424 controller is one of the best performers when it comes to lowest possible round-trip latency.