VST3 plugins are not more efficient. In all likelihood you will experience exactly the same performance with either VST2 or VST3. Developers maintain a common code base for both, with 99.9% of the internal code being identical. The idea that VST3 is more efficient stems from its feature for shutting off a plugin when there is no data coming in. However, plugins have always had that ability if the developer chose to implement it.
VST2 is not going to stop working due to obsolescence. Some new products, in particular those from Steinberg/Yamaha, will only be available as VST3. But as long as the
host supports the VST2 standard, your VST2 plugins will continue to work. Eventually, vendors may decide to stop developing new VST2 plugins just to simplify things for themselves. Eventually, VST3 may be the only choice for new products. But even then, your existing VST2 plugins will still work.
To answer the original question (what is the difference between VST and VST3?), they are two versions of a written specification describing how hosts (DAWs) and plugins (VSTs) communicate with one another. That's it. It does not dictate how plugins work internally.
VST3 does add some new capabilities, mostly relevant to soft synths, such as support for multiple MIDI ports that can be switched on the fly. There is a myth that only VST3 plugins can use external sidechains, but that only applies to Cubase users. We've been doing it in SONAR for more than a decade, long before the advent of VST3.
Being a new standard, many developers have hit snags while adapting to it. Consequently, many newly-reported bugs turn out to apply only to the VST3 version of a plugin. When that happens, you can simply revert to the VST2 version and carry on.