I found the full name of the card I'm using, it's a Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi Titanium PCIe Fatal1ty Champ Series. I paid $200AUD for it in 2013 so it's 5 years old now, maybe it needs replacing?
There is no routing back to the mixer (unless it's happening in the software somehow?), the only input to the soundcard is through the soundcard's "Line In" jack (from the mixer) and out to the speakers through the speaker jack.
Sadly I have no old files to test as they all got lost in a total meltdown of my last computer.
I've disabled everything in the soundcard except the line in and the speakers out, no digital buttons are activated - it's still recording from other active tracks even though the target track is the only one with the record activated. If I mute the other tracks they don't record which does lead me back to wondering if there is a "What You Hear" function somewhere that I haven't found.
I was going to reset the preferences in case I messed up something there but there doesn't seem to be an option for that. I could try uninstalling and reinstalling Sonar in case there's a bug or something going on. I can't find it in the uninstall programs so guess I'd have to uninstall the Command Centre and start fresh?
Cactus Music: Thank you, that's a lot of great info there and on the linked page!
Thanks to everyone, I really appreciate your input.