Thank you Mr. msorrels for posting the link to the product manual.  I read through it, I was concurrently fascinated and horrified. 
 
The jumper-based gain control, and TRS cable connecting three different modes of the 1/2 input has got to be a heartbreaking introduction to the joys of recording, while making one ripe for war stories about stuff being hard to use, and easy to break. 
 
Best wishes to Mr. ThomasPP, the OP.
 
 

Here is the product's website:  http://www.infra-sonic.com/.  Click on support, then manuals and you'll find the owner's manuals at the bottom of the page.  There has been three owner's manuals; one in 2007, one in 2008 and the last in 2011.
 
All three manuals indicate the card can provide phantom power through the TRS inputs.

Hello guys, thanks for your answers! ♥
I didn't think I would have this attention
I bring news:
So, I bought the cable (XLR to TRS), and connected it to the interface (obviously with the phantom power off) and then, I turned on the phantom power, and the microphone works, yes, BUT, it is heard very, very low (I have to scream almost so I can hear my voice) and with something that seems to be like static, all this with the phantom power turned on. Now, I set the jumper to -20db as the manual says, I also raise the gain to 18 in the mixer, but it's the same. Also, there is a light on the Samson C01 that should light up when the phantom power is delivered, but it does not.

I guess I'll have to buy a phantom power?
I'm in a really tight budget
 
Thank you again!

ThomasPP
Hello guys, thanks for your answers! ♥
I didn't think I would have this attention
I bring news:
So, I bought the cable (XLR to TRS), and connected it to the interface (obviously with the phantom power off) and then, I turned on the phantom power, and the microphone works, yes, BUT, it is heard very, very low (I have to scream almost so I can hear my voice) and with something that seems to be like static, all this with the phantom power turned on. Now, I set the jumper to -20db as the manual says, I also raise the gain to 18 in the mixer, but it's the same. Also, there is a light on the Samson C01 that should light up when the phantom power is delivered, but it does not.

I guess I'll have to buy a phantom power?
I'm in a really tight budget
 
Thank you again!

The only pretty much decent cheap mic preamp that I'm aware of is the ART Tube MP. It's $55 at Sweetwater and on Amazon. Other than that, you're looking at $200+. It has both XLR and TRS inputs and outputs.
 
https://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/TubeMP
 
http://artproaudio.com/mic_preamps/product/tube_mp-original/
 

ThomasPP... BUT, it is heard very, very low (I have to scream almost so I can hear my voice) and with something that seems to be like static, all this with the phantom power turned on. Now, I set the jumper to -20db as the manual says,....

Your mission is to confirm that the cable is properly wired (TRS = 2/3/1 on the XLR) and then confirm that the phantom power software control works properly.  Then, although your Samson C01 is about average sensitivity as condenser microphones go (-33dBV/Pa) it would cost you nothing to set the jumper to the default +40dB gain position to see what happens. 

I'd bet your cable isn't completely wired.