Odd to hear that about the Sony phone.
FWIW, We've never had issues with USB-C ports... whether it was connecting Thunderbolt-3 or USB-3.1.
USB-C cables and adapters have always worked.
ie: Even though Apple doesn't advertise as such, their Thunderbolt-3 (USB-C) to Thunderbolt-2 adapter has worked with every PC motherboard that we've tried (including custom laptops).
With regards to USB being universal:
You can use USB chargers, cables, extension cables, hubs, etc... with pretty much any USB device.
Some USB devices need more power to allow charging.
If the hub/etc doesn't supply enough, the device typically just won't charge (otherwise will still function as a USB peripheral).