I don't know what Microsoft did but trying to get Windows 7 fully up to date is a major pain.
I updated a laptop to Windows 10 and it was a 4 day effort! Updates kept hanging. I tried every bit of advice on the interwebs to get it unstuck.
I have another VM image of Windows 7 that I tried to just install the updates (not upgrade to 10) that still hasn't updated but then I didn't keep at it, running the VM on a Mac which tends to heat it up.
One thing you can try is to install the VS2015 redist separately.
You can obtain that here:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=48145Then run the SONAR install again once that is installed.
We built the 2016 edition with Visual Studio 2015 which does have some performance gains in the compiler and linker. However, that does require the newer c runtime, etc.be installed. Our installer does include this and install it, but on Win 7 certain combinations of updates not being present can sometimes lead to delays or failures completing the dependent redistributable installers.
Keith