What hardware do I need to record voice?

As sound to signal "converter", there are 2 types of microphones, dynamic and condenser. The first type is in general directional but capture less nuances the second type capture more nuances, but also everything around (room echo, other instruments, computer noise and birds outside your window). So dynamic mics are used in "noisy" environment when you put the mic close to the source (stage, table mic for speaking, etc.) and condenser mic are use to get good sound in threated environment (singing in studio) or when the source can not be close to mic (f.e mics for web-cam).
 
With build-in sound cards, which have no real "pre-amlifiers", you can only use consumer mics (conferences, skyping, headsets). They was not build for singing nor good voice recording.
 
There are so called "USB Mics", which are a combination of "normal" mic and USB audio interface. But the quality and latency are not the best.
 
So you need some audio card with pre-amp (f.e. Tascam US 2x2, Focusrite scarlett or in case you want "the best" (do you really need that?) something like RME Babyface). And some Mic. Again, "the best" are in direction of Neumann, but any China mic around $20 for dynamic and around $40 for condenser will record you (way better then web cam or phone headset). Just select correct type, I repeat: absolute silent environment - condenser, anything else - dynamic. Or better get 2 cheapest of both types and compare, you will understand the difference rather quick.