Just a note that modern dynamic and ribbon (fwiw, ribbon microphones are dynamic) microphones will work just fine with phantom power. There were some ribbon microphone models from the old days that did not like to see 48V from tip or ring to sleeve... most have long since been modified to accommodate phantom power. All the new designs work fine.
 
That is not to suggest that it is a bad idea to turn it off if you don't need it, but you don't have to worry about it either.

Like Bill said.  Phantom power will not damage a standard dynamic microphone.  Older, unprotected ribbon microphones may incur some damage because the 48v DC bias of phantom power can cause the aluminum ribbon to bow outward and possibly rip it.  Most ribbon mics however block the DC completely with the transformer or with diodes.  And of course active ones require phantom power to run the built in amplifier.  
 
As far as the OP, I am guessing the older Hosa cables use generic or Switchcraft connectors.  I have discovered that Neutrik connectors tend to be more susceptible to misc noises running up the ground pin.  You likely have USB noise issues which is common in bus powered interfaces like the Audio Box.  

If you will allow me to quote from my CR1604-VLZ owners manual: "Phantom owes its name to an ability to be unseen by dynamic mics" 
 
Personally, I have never had an issue using condensers in combination with dynamic mics through either of my Mackie boards.  Wrt ribbons, as a rule I use preamps with a ribbon mode when using a ribbon mics (more of a gain issue) but on a couple of occasions I've used them with phantom power on ... and have not had an issue.
 
You could potentially have a problem if you have some sort of weird wiring issue but, your not making your own cables so I doubt that would concern you.
 
The other place you may run into a problem (outside of having a collection of vintage ribbon mics) is with consumer unbalanced mics.