I agree that the American sci-fi writers may have started exploiting the idea of altered states in the 50's but it is a very old concept.
I was reminded of a quote I once read or heard and went and looked it up.
"Once upon a time, I, Chuang Chou, dreamt I was a butterfly, fluttering hither and thither, a veritable butterfly, enjoying itself to the full of its bent, and not knowing it was Chuang Chou. Suddenly I awoke, and came to myself, the veritable Chuang Chou. Now I do not know whether it was then I dreamt I was a butterfly, or whether I am now a butterfly dreaming I am a man." - Zhūangzi (c. 369 BC – c. 286 BC)