You definitely can't get vinyl as loud safely. You end up with real physical issues that can make the needle jump out of the groove.
I think that and the thing I mentioned above about frequency range are real factors in the appeal of vinyl.
The fact is, in terms of
accuracy, vinyl is a pretty terrible medium.
However, in terms of the limitations and compromises it forces upon you, you often end up with something more agreeable to the ear by default. Everything up at 17khz and beyond is actually pretty unpleasant. Super-heavy compression is pretty unpleasant. And those things are hard to do on vinyl.
CDs and mp3s don't
inherently sound worse. In fact, by all measurable metrics, they're clearly superior
formats. But people do some horrible things within those formats that just aren't possible on vinyl.