I heard from CW support yesyerday and they tested the PC add-ons in X3 under Win 8.1 successfully. Also, the links to the updated PC add-on versions are now active on my download page. They download directly from the page listing my registered products instead of linking to a download page for the item, as the other links on the list do, so I'm assuming they fixed it this way.
Since they tested successfully, that makes the disk error / corrupted file problems the best canfifates for cause here. As Alex pointed out, this was already most likely, but I feel better with confirmation from CW of the testing in this environment.
I will be reinstaling Win 8.1 and X3, plus the add-ons, on a different HDD on Friday. I have fresh downloads of the add-ons on a new drive as well, so hopefully I will have better results.
I'll post the outcome after finishing and look forward to wrapping this up.