I don't think you'll see any performance gains or other advantages by partitioning, it's really just for organization and convenience. To be honest I think I'd be completely lost if my drives weren't partitioned.
Actually I have a lot more than samples in my sample partition, which I named "libraries." I also have all of my presets in there, as well as software documentation, various installers, Sonar plugin layout files etc etc. I don't have the ideal setup because I only have two drives: a system drive and an audio drive. I also have a partition for audio and projects on the same drive. I don't record audio much (mainly MIDI) and so I have no pressing need to separate my audio and samples onto two different drives.
The backup partition contains all of my backups, including complete system images. They don't really take up much space at all.